Real Estate Exam Pass Rate by State — 2026 Estimates

Roughly half of the people who take the real estate exam for the first time do not pass it. That is the truth nobody at the pre-licensing school wants on the homepage. No state or testing vendor publishes one official national number, but the partial reports that are public put first-time pass rates somewhere between 50% and 60% depending on the state. That figure — like every figure in this post — is an estimate: treat the numbers as directional, not official. Some states drag the average down hard. A few push it up. This post lays out the best available estimates, explains why the national portion of the exam is the part that kills most candidates, and tells you straight what separates people who pass on attempt one from people who keep paying the $60-$120 retake fee until they get it right.

What the National Average Actually Looks Like

Neither PSI nor Pearson VUE publishes a complete national breakdown, and many states publish nothing at all. Piecing together the candidate-performance reports that are public, first-time pass rates look roughly like this — estimates, not official statistics:

• National (federal) portion: roughly 55%-62% first-attempt pass rate (estimate)
• State portion: roughly 68%-78% first-attempt pass rate (estimate)
• Both portions in a single sitting: roughly 45%-55% (estimate) — about half of first-time candidates fail

That last number is the one that matters. To get licensed you usually need to pass both sections in the same window, or at least pass the part you failed within a grace period (often 6 months to a year). Roughly half the people who walk into a testing center the first time walk out without a passing score on both halves.

Retake pass rates are worse, not better. People who failed once and went straight back in without changing how they studied have first-retake pass rates around 40%-50% — again an estimate; few states publish retake data. The exam is not getting harder. The candidate did not get smarter between attempts.

The 5 States With the Highest Pass Rates

Only a handful of states publish usable pass-rate data and reporting windows differ, so treat these first-time combined rates for salesperson candidates as directional estimates, not an official ranking.

1. Virginia — around 70%
2. Massachusetts — around 68%
3. Iowa — around 67%
4. Minnesota — around 66%
5. Indiana — around 65%

What these states have in common: shorter exams, more straightforward state law sections, and pre-licensing course requirements that actually map to what the test asks. Virginia's 60-hour course, for example, lines up tightly with the exam outline.

The 5 States With the Lowest Pass Rates

1. Texas — around 50% combined first-attempt
2. California — around 48%
3. Florida — around 47% for the salesperson exam
4. New York — around 53%
5. Colorado — around 55%

Same caveat as the list above: these are estimates, not official rankings. Florida is the classic example. The state requires a 63-hour pre-licensing course, but the exam covers a wider band of federal and state material than most candidates expect. Texas, California, and New York are big markets with huge candidate volume, which drives a lot of people into the testing center underprepared.

Why the National Portion Crushes People

The state portion is mostly memorization. License law in your state, agency relationships, disclosure forms specific to your jurisdiction, the state-specific commission rules. You can study a state-specific outline and pass.

The national portion is different. It tests federal law, math, financing, contracts, and property concepts that do not change from state to state. This is where candidates lose points. Here is what the national portion actually covers and where people bleed.

Federal Fair Housing

The Civil Rights Act of 1968 (Fair Housing Act) prohibits discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, color, religion, national origin, sex (added 1974), disability and familial status (added 1988). Exam questions test the protected classes cold. They also test exemptions — the "Mrs. Murphy" exception for small owner-occupied rentals, the religious organization exception, the single-family home sold without a broker. Candidates who memorized "the seven protected classes" but cannot apply them to a fact pattern lose every question in this block.

Sample question style: A landlord owns a four-unit building, lives in one unit, and refuses to rent to a family with two children. Legal or illegal? (Illegal — familial status is protected, and the Mrs. Murphy exemption does not override the Fair Housing Act's advertising prohibition or the familial status rules in most fact patterns. This is the kind of nuance the test loves.)

RESPA

The Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (12 U.S.C. §§ 2601-2617) governs the closing process for federally related mortgage loans. The exam tests three things relentlessly: prohibited kickbacks, the Good Faith Estimate / Loan Estimate timing (within 3 business days of application), and what counts as a permissible payment. A real estate broker accepting $500 from a title company for every referral is a RESPA Section 8 violation — that is a guaranteed exam question in some form. Permissible? An employer paying its own employees for referrals. Cooperative brokerage splits between agents. Payment for services actually rendered. Memorize the list.

TILA and Regulation Z

The Truth in Lending Act of 1968 requires standardized disclosures so consumers can compare credit. The exam tests the right of rescission constantly: for refinances secured by the consumer's principal dwelling, the borrower gets three business days to cancel. Not three calendar days. Three business days from the latest of consummation, delivery of material disclosures, or delivery of the rescission notice. Purchase loans do not get rescission rights — only refinances and home equity loans. That distinction trips people up.

APR is also tested. The advertised interest rate and the APR are not the same number. APR includes finance charges and rolls them into a yearly percentage. If a lender advertises "5.0% APR" they must also be ready to disclose the underlying terms.

ECOA

The Equal Credit Opportunity Act (15 U.S.C. § 1691) makes it illegal to discriminate in credit decisions based on race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, age, or receipt of public assistance. A lender cannot ask whether a female applicant plans to have children. A lender cannot refuse to count alimony, child support, or part-time income. The exam will give you a fact pattern with a loan officer asking the wrong question — you need to spot it.

Sherman Antitrust Act

The Sherman Act of 1890 prohibits anticompetitive agreements. In real estate, this means brokers cannot get together and agree to set commission rates, allocate markets, boycott a competitor, or tie services together in ways that restrain trade. Price fixing is per se illegal — no good business reason justifies it. The exam loves fact patterns where two brokers meet for coffee and "agree they should both charge 6%." That is a felony. Treble damages. Memorize it.

Lead Paint Disclosure

For housing built before 1978, sellers and landlords must provide the EPA pamphlet, disclose known lead-based paint, and give buyers a 10-day inspection window. Skip this and the federal penalty is steep. One or two questions on every national exam.

ADA

For commercial properties open to the public, the Americans with Disabilities Act requires reasonable accommodations and removal of architectural barriers where readily achievable. Residential properties fall under the Fair Housing Act's accessibility rules instead. People confuse these two laws and lose easy points.

PSI vs Pearson VUE — Does It Matter?

Most state real estate commissions contract with either PSI or Pearson VUE to administer the exam. The format is similar — computer-based, multiple choice, immediate results.

PSI tends to use slightly longer exams with more situational questions. The interface is plain. Some candidates report harder math questions. PSI runs the exam in states like California, Texas, Florida, and Pennsylvania.

Pearson VUE uses a cleaner interface and tends to have more straightforward question phrasing. Pearson runs the exam in states like New York, Illinois, Georgia, and Virginia.

Neither vendor is "easier." The question pool is built from the state's licensing outline. Pass rates differ by state because the state determines passing score, exam length, and how strictly the outline is enforced — not because of the vendor. If you hear someone say "PSI is harder than Pearson," they probably just failed once at a PSI center.

Why People Actually Fail

The reasons people fail are not mysterious. The same ones come up every time candidates explain what went wrong.

They Crammed

The pre-licensing course is 60-180 hours depending on the state. People do it in two weekends, schedule the exam for the following Tuesday, and fail. The material does not stick when you compress it. The national portion in particular tests synthesis — you need to apply Fair Housing to a fact pattern, not recite the protected classes.

If you took a 60-hour course in 7 days, your retention on test day is going to be around 30-40% of the content. The passing score in most states is 70-75%. Math is not on your side.

They Skipped the Math

Real estate math accounts for roughly 10-15% of the national portion. Candidates routinely skip the math chapter because "I can use a calculator." Then the exam asks them to calculate prorated property taxes, commission splits, loan-to-value ratios, capitalization rates, and net operating income — and they freeze.

Worked example, the kind the exam will ask:

A property sells for $385,000. The seller agreed to pay a 6% commission, split 50/50 between listing and selling brokerage. The listing agent gets 60% of their brokerage's share. How much does the listing agent earn?

Total commission: $385,000 × 0.06 = $23,100 Listing brokerage share: $23,100 × 0.50 = $11,550 Listing agent take: $11,550 × 0.60 = $6,930

If you cannot do that in under 90 seconds with a basic calculator, practice math until you can. There are 10-15 of these on the exam. Skipping them means starting the test 10 points down.

They Never Read the Contract Chapter

Contracts are 15-18% of the national portion. Offer, acceptance, consideration, capacity, legal purpose. Statute of frauds (real estate contracts must be in writing). Difference between bilateral and unilateral contracts. What makes a contract void, voidable, or unenforceable. Specific performance as a remedy. Liquidated damages.

Candidates skim the contract chapter because it is dry. The exam does not care. Every fact pattern about an offer, a counteroffer, an option, or a lease is a contract question wearing a costume.

They Confused State and Federal Law

Federal law sets the floor. State law can be stricter but not weaker. Candidates who study only their state's continuing education materials miss federal questions. Candidates who study only national review books miss state-specific commission rules.

Use both. Your state regulator publishes a candidate handbook with the exam outline. Read it. The outline tells you exactly what percentage of questions cover each topic.

They Walked In Tired

The exam is 3-4 hours. You need to sleep the night before. Test centers are cold, the chairs are bad, and the timer is visible. People who treat the exam like a final cram session and stay up reviewing flashcards at 2 a.m. lose 5-10 points on focus alone.

What First-Try Passers Actually Do

The candidates who pass on attempt one share habits.

• They spread study over 6-12 weeks, not 6-12 days.
• They take at least 5-10 full-length practice exams under timed conditions.
• They drill math problems until the calculations are reflex.
• They memorize the federal laws by name, year, and what they prohibit. Fair Housing 1968. RESPA 1974. TILA 1968. ECOA 1974. Sherman 1890. ADA 1990.
• They read the contract chapter three times.
• They review their wrong answers, not just their score.

The exam is passable. It is not a trick. The states that publish detailed candidate handbooks make the exam outline public. The question pool draws from that outline. Study the outline, drill the math, learn the federal laws, and you pass.

The Bottom Line

Real estate exam pass rates are not a measure of intelligence. They are a measure of preparation. The roughly half of first-time takers who fail are not stupid — they were sold a 60-hour cram course and told it would be enough. It is not. The national portion tests federal law, math, and contracts in ways that require synthesis, and synthesis takes time and reps.

If you are in a low-pass-rate state like Texas, California, or Florida, assume the deck is stacked and prepare like the test is harder than your course implied. If you are in a higher-pass-rate state like Virginia or Massachusetts, do not get cocky — the people failing those exams also thought they were ready.

Get the Full Prep — National Real Estate Master Guide

If you want one resource that covers every federal law on the exam, every math formula you will be tested on, and a full-length practice exam with an explanation for every answer, get the National Real Estate Master Guide at studystack.org. State-specific add-ons for the lowest-pass-rate states are coming as we publish them. It is built from the actual exam outlines published by state regulators and the PSI / Pearson VUE candidate handbooks. Read it once, drill the practice tests, and you will not be writing a check for a retake.

Get the National Real Estate Master Guide at studystack.org →